Male respondents: 120 [80%]
Female respondents: 30 [20%]
Active duty servicemembers: 46 [31%]
Retired: 4 [3%]
Temporarily disabled retirement list: 2 [1%]
Active reservists: 46 [31%]
Veteran: 15 [10%]
Individual ready reserves: 10 [7%]
National Guard: 27 [18%]
Those ill since returning from Gulf: 136 [91%]
Those who had ill family members: 60 [40%]
Those who identified at least one investigational drug
that they took:
75 [50%]
ANTHRAX--
Number of respondents who received anthrax: 68 [45%]
1 vaccination: 31 [46% of those who received anthrax]
2 vaccinations: 31 [46%]
3 vaccinations: 2 [ 3%]
Unknown number: 4 [ 6%]
Of those receiving anthrax vaccinations, those who:
received no oral or written information about the vaccine: 61 [90%]
were told they could not refuse it: 58 [85%]
described immediate side effects: 29 [43%]
Of the women receiving anthrax vaccination, those who
received no
warning on risk if pregnant: 12/16 [75%]
BOTULINUM TOXOID--
Number of respondents who received botulinum toxoid: 17
1 vaccination: 10 [59% of those who received botulinum toxoid]
2 vaccinations: 3 [18%]
Unknown number: 4 [24%]
Of those receiving botulinum toxoid, those who:
received no oral or written information about the vaccine: 13 [76%]
were told they could not refuse it: 15 [88%]
described immediate side effects: 6 [35%]
Of the women receiving botulinum toxoid, those who received no warning on
risk if pregnant: 4/4 [100%]
PYRIDOSTIGMINE BROMIDE--
Number of respondents who took pyridostigmine bromide: 73 [49%]
Of those taking pyridostigmine bromide, those who:
received no oral or written information on side effects: 63 [86%]
were told they could not refuse it: 54 [74%]
described immediate side effects: 38 [52%]
did not comply and take drugs when they were supposed to: 14 [19%]
Of the women receiving pyridostigmine bromide, those who received no
warning on risk if pregnant: 14/18 [78%]
OTHER SURVEY INFORMATION--
Number of respondents who received a vaccination but did not know what
it was: 25 [17%]
Number of respondents who received a drug but did not
know what it was:
28 [19%]
Number of respondents who have not received any information following
the Persian Gulf War concerning investigational drugs from either VA or
DOD: 128 [85%]
Concerning medical records:
Medical record is incomplete/inaccurate: 48 [32%]
Medical record [part or all] is missing/lost: 28 [19%]
Veterans at Risk: The Health Effects of Mustard Gas and Lewisite, Pechura,
C.M. & Rall, D.P. (Eds.) Institute of Medicine, National Academy
Press, Washington, DC, 1993, p. 65.
In a survey of 150 Persian Gulf War veterans conducted by Committee staff,
15 of 17 military personnel receiving botulinum toxoid in the Gulf war
were told they could not refuse the vaccination; 54 of 73 military
personnel receiving pyridostigmine were told they could not refuse the
drug.
Veterans at Risk, op. cit., p. 36.
Testimony of Deanne Siemer, general counsel, Department of Defense,
hearing before the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research,
Committee on Human Resources, U.S. Senate, "Human Testing by the CIA,
1977," September 20-21, 1977, pp. 157-168.
Testimony of Sidney Gottlieb, M.D., former CIA agent, hearing before the
Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research, Committee on Human
Resources, U.S. Senate, "Human Drug Testing by the CIA, 1977,"
September 20-21, 1977, pp. 169-217.
The Nuremberg Code, from Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg
Military Tribunals, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1948.
55 Federal Register 52,814-52,817 (December 21, 1990), "Informed
Consent for Human Drugs and Biologics: Determinations that Informed
Consent is Not Feasible."
Declaration of Helsinki, in European and Nordic Regulations and Guidelines
for Good Clinical Practice, Pharmaco Dynamics Research, Inc., July 1990.
The Declaration of Helsinki was amended at the Twenty-Ninth World Medical
Assembly held in Tokyo, Japan, in 1975, the Thirty-Fifth World Medical
Assembly held in Venice, Italy, in 1983, and the Forty-First World Medical
Assembly held in Hong Kong in 1989.
Declaration of Helsinki, World Medical Association, in Biomedical Ethics,
Third Edition, Mappes, T.A. & Zembaty, J.S., McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1991,
pp. 211-213.
56 Federal Register 28,002-28,032 (June 18, 1991), "Federal Policy
for the Protection of Human Subjects."
"Research Involving Human Subjects," statement of Robyn Y.
Nishimi, Ph.D., Office of Technology Assessment, hearing before the
Subcommittee on Energy, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, U.S.
House of Representatives, "Human Radiation, Experimentation, and Gene
Therapy," February 10, 1994.
45 CFR 46 (Public Welfare), subparts B,C, and D, revised October 1, 1991.
10 U.S.C. (Armed Forces) and 32 U.S.C. 980 (National Guard) put limits on
the use of humans as experimental subjects.
Veterans at Risk, op. cit., pp. 3-4, 6-8, 50-52, 224-226.
Ibid., p. 65.
Ibid., p. 7.
59 Federal Register 41,497-42,500 (August 18, 1994), "Claims Based on
Chronic Effects of Exposure to Vesicant Agents."
Gene Wars, Military Control Over the New Genetic Technologies, Piller, C.
& Yamamoto, K.R., Beech Tree Books, William Morrow, New York, 1988, pp
44-45, 53.
Ibid.
Ibid.
At least one Seventh-Day Adventist Church has held reunions of those human
subjects who participated in Operation Whitecoat. (Phone interview by
Committee staff with Dr. Frank Damazo, Frederick, MD, March 21, 1994.)
Hearing before the Subcommittee on Conservation and Natural Resources,
Committee on Government Operations, U.S. House of Representatives,
"Environmental Dangers of Open-Air Testing of Lethal Chemicals,"
May 20-21, 1969.
Ibid., pp. 6-7.
Testimony of Dr. D.A. Osguthorpe, veterinarian and consultant to Utah
State Department of Agriculture, hearing before the Subcommittee on
Conservation and Natural Resources, Committee on Government Operations,
U.S. House of Representatives, "Environmental Dangers of Open-Air
Testing of Lethal Chemicals," May 20-21, 1969, pp 63-66.
Ibid., pp. 64-65.
Testimony of Hon. Richard D. McCarthy, a Representative in Congress from
the State of New York, hearing before the Subcommittee on Conservation and
Natural Resources, Committee on Government Operations, U.S. House of
Representatives, "Environmental Dangers of Open-Air Testing of Lethal
Chemicals," May 20-21, 1969, pp 6-7.
Cole, L.A., "Risk and biological defense program," Physicians
for Social Responsibility Quarterly, Vol 2, No. 1, March 1992, pp. 40-50.
Compilation of Local Fallout Data From Test Detonations 1945-1962,
extracted From DASA 1251, Vol I-Oceanic U.S. Tests, Contract No. DNA 001-
79-C-0081, May 1, 1979, sponsored by the Defense Nuclear Agency.
Ibid.
Secret document, Department of Defense, Research and Development Board,
Committee on Medical Sciences, Joint Panel on the Medical Aspects of
Atomic Warfare, 8th Meeting, Washington, DC, February 24, 1951.
"Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing
Radiation," BEIR V, National Research Council, National Academy
Press, Washington, DC, 1990.
Letter from Hon. Jesse Brown, Secretary of Veterans Affairs, to Sen. John
D. Rockefeller IV, Chair, Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs, May 31,
1994.
News release, Office of Public Affairs, Department of Veterans Affairs,
Washington, DC, October 11, 1994.
"Nuclear Health and Safety, Examples of Post World War II Radiation
Releases at U.S. Nuclear Sites," U.S. General Accounting Office,
November 1993, GAO/RCED-94-51FS.
Information from the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Congressional
Affairs, Department of Veterans Affairs, received at the Senate Committee
on Veterans' Affairs, September 21, 1994; in Committee files.
Letter from Hon. Jesse Brown, Secretary of Veterans Affairs, to Sen. John
D. Rockefeller IV, Chair, U.S. Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs, May
26, 1994.
Gene Wars, op. cit., pp 50-51.
Statement of David Gries, Director, Center for the Study of Human
Intelligence, CIA, hearing before the Subcommittee on Administrative Law
and Governmental Relations, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. House of
Representatives, "Government-Sponsored Tests on Humans and Possible
Compensation for People Harmed in the Tests," February 2, 1994.
Summary of testimony, Lloyd B. Gamble, LSD test subject, hearing before
the Subcommittee on Administrative Law and Governmental Relations,
Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. House of Representatives,
"Government- Sponsored Tests on Humans and Possible Compensation for
People Harmed in the Tests," February 2, 1994.
Ibid.
Testimony of Sidney Gottlieb, M.D., former CIA agent,
before the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research, Committee on
Human Resources, U.S. Senate, "Human Drug Testing by the CIA,
1977," September 20-21, 1977, p. 169. Actual wording is "convert
means," which we took to mean "covert means."
Ibid., pp. 169-217.
55 Federal Register 52,814-52,817 (December 21, 1990).
Sidell, F.R., "Clinical Considerations in Nerve Agent
Intoxication," Chemical Warfare Agents, Somani, S.M. (Ed.), Academic
Press, Inc., 1992, pp. 155-194.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Das Gupta, S., Bass, K.N., Warnick, J.E. "Interaction of reversible
and irreversible cholinesterase inhibitors on the monosynaptic reflex in
neonatal rats," Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Vol. 99, 1989,
pp. 28- 36.
55 Federal Register 52,814-52,817 (December 21, 1990).
Drachman, D.B. "Medical Progress, review article: Myasthenia
gravis," New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 330, No. 25, June 23,
1994, pp. 1797- 1810.
Scadding, G.K., Havard, C.W.H., Lange, M.J., & Domb, I. "The long
term experience of thymectomy for myasthenia gravis," Journal of
Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, Vol. 48, 1985, pp. 401-406.
Wacks, I., Oster, J.R., Perez, G.O., & Kett, D.H. "Spurious
hyperchloremia and hyperbicarbonatemia in a patient receiving
pyridostigmine bromide therapy for myasthenia gravis," American
Journal of Kidney Diseases, Vol. XVI, No. 1, July 1990, pp. 76-79.
Ibid.
Mestinon is the brand name for one form of pyridostigmine bromide
available in the United States.
Minutes of meeting of the Informed Consent Waiver Review Group (ICWRG),
Food and Drug Administration, December 31, 1990.
Ellis, R.J. Immunobiologic agents and drugs available from the Centers for
Disease Control: Descriptions, recommendations, adverse reactions, and
serologic response. Third Edition. Centers for Disease Control, Public
Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA,
March 1982.
Middlebrook, J.L. "Contributions of the U.S. Army to Botulinum Toxin
Research," Botulinum and Tetanus Neurotoxins, Das Gupta, B.R., (Ed.),
Plenum Press, New York, 1993, pp. 515-519.
Informational material for the use of pentavalent (ABCDE) botulinum toxoid
aluminum phosphate adsorbed, Protocol #392, Centers for Disease Control,
Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, May
1992.
Review by Ann Sutton to the IND record, November 14, 1990; in Committee
files.
Informational material for the use of anthrax vaccine adsorbed, Michigan
Department of Public Health, U.S. License No. 99, 1978.
Friedlander, A.M., Welkos, S.L., Pitt, M.L.M., et al. "Postexposure
prophylaxis against experimental inhalation anthrax," Journal of
Infectious Diseases, Vol. 167, 1993, pp. 1239-1242.
Anthrax vaccine adsorbed, package insert, Michigan Department of Public
Health, Lansing, MI, 1978.
"Summary of the issues impacting upon the health of Persian Gulf War
veterans," Version 1.1, March 3, 1994.
"Human Experimentation, An Overview on Cold War Era Programs,"
U.S. General Accounting Office, September 28, 1994, GAO/T-NSIAD-94-266.
Ibid.
Veterans at Risk, op. cit., pp. 7-8.
Statement of Rudolph R. Mills, hearing before the Committee on Veterans'
Affairs, U.S. Senate, "Is Military Research Hazardous to Veterans'
Health? Lessons from World War II, the Persian Gulf War, and Today,"
May 6, 1994; hereinafter referred to as Hearing, May 6, 1994.
Ibid.
Hearing, May 6, 1994; John T. Harrison, written statement submitted for
the record.
Although the study was published in the Journal of the American Medical
Association, these results were not reported in the published article.
They are reported in an unpublished report, Survey #1, Food and Drug
Administration IND 23,509, Operation Desert Storm/Shield, May 27, 1992.
The Nuremberg Code, op. cit.
"Annas, G.J. & Grodin, M.A. "The Nazi Doctors and the
Nuremberg Code," Human Rights in Human Experimentation, Oxford
University Press, 1992, p 152.
Hearing, May 6, 1994; Nathan J. Schnurman, written statement submitted for
the record.
Testimony of Nathan Schnurman, WWII veteran, mustard gas test subject,
hearing before the Subcommittee on Administrative Law and Governmental
Relations, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. House of Representatives,
"Government-Sponsored Tests on Humans and Possible Compensation for
People Harmed in the Tests," February 2, 1994.
Hearing, May 6, 1994; John William Allen, written statement submitted for
the record.
Pyridostigmine is approved by the FDA at a one-time dosage of 15 mg to
reverse the effects of certain drugs given during anesthesia.
55 Federal Register 52,814-52,817 (December 21, 1990).
Memorandum for Record, August 30, 1990, submitted by Craig R. Lehmann, Lt.
Col., USAF, BSC; in Committee files.
FDA memorandum from Richard Klein and Ann Graham to Stuart Nightingale,
September 7, 1990; in Committee files.
Draft of minutes, meeting between officials of DOD and FDA, December 31,
1990, provided by FDA to Committee; in Committee files.
Ibid.
55 Federal Register 52,814-52,817 (December 21, 1990).
Letter in Committee files.
Letter from Enrique Mendez, Jr., M.D., to David Kessler, M.D.,
Commissioner, Food and Drug Administration, March 15, 1991; in Committee
files.
Survey #1, Food and Drug Administration IND 23,509, Operation Desert
Storm/Shield, May 27, 1992.
Response to Committee survey completed by Carol Picou, Persian Gulf War
nurse; in Committee files.
Hearing, May 6, 1994; statement of Neil Tetzlaff, Persian Gulf War
veteran.
Memoranda describing phone conversations with journalists are in Committee
files.
Letters, summaries of phone conversations, and supporting documents are in
Committee files. These include an "Aircrew Symptoms Checklist on AF
Form 1666 (TEST) FEB 86, which instructs the pilots to "[t]ake one
(1) pyridostigmine bromide tablet (30 mg) every eight (8) hours over a 24
hour period."
One of the men has provided records of these studies to the Committee;
although the records specify that all pilots participating in the study
were removed from flight status and given informed consent about the risks
of pyridostigmine, those records are not consistent with the descriptions
of the study provided by the pilots who contacted the Committee. Moreover,
the records themselves do not include an informed consent form or
information about the risks of pyridostigmine.
Letter and medical records of Craig Crane are in Committee files.
Hearing, May 6, 1994; statement of Dr. Edward Martin,
Acting Principal Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs.
Letter from John M. Bachkosky, Deputy Director, Office of the Director of
Defense Research and Engineering, U.S. Department of Defense, to Sen. John
D. Rockefeller IV, Chair, Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs, May 19,
1994.
Letter from John Deutch, Deputy Secretary of Defense, to Sen. John D.
Rockefeller IV, Chair, Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs, November 17,
1994; in Committee files.
Hearing, May 6, 1994; statement of Arthur Caplan, Ph.D. Dr. Caplan is now
Director of the Center of Biomedical Ethics at the University of
Pennsylvania.
Minutes, Meeting (July 27, 1992) on Finalizing Interim Rule on Waiver of
Informed Consent, signed July 28, 1992, by William H. Habig.
Koplovitz, I., Harris, L.W., Anderson, D.R., Lennox, W.J., & Stewart,
J.R. "Reduction by pyridostigmine pretreatment of the efficacy of
atropine and 2-PAM treatment of sarin and VX poisoning in rodents,"
Fundamental and Applied Toxicology, Vol. 18, 1992, pp. 102-106.
Sidell, F.R., op. cit.
"Summary of the issues impacting upon the health of the Persian Gulf
veterans," Version 1.1: March 3, 1994.
The actual data from this study was not provided to our Committee, and
apparently not provided to FDA either.
IND Amendment, Reference to IND# 28480, March 28, 1988, Letter from Thomas
H. Gray, Chief, Operational Unit Training Branch, Department of the Air
Force, to Mr. David Banks, Consumer Safety Officer, FDA.
Answers from the Department of Defense to followup questions submitted by
Sen. John D. Rockefeller IV, after the Committee's May 6, 1994, hearing.
The answers were received by the Committee on September 19, 1994.
A 150-pound man weighs 68 kg; 68 x 0.4 = 27 mg.
Sidell, F.R., op. cit.
The administration of additional atropine some hours after exposure to
chemical weapons might have been helpful, but it is not clear how many
soldiers would have been fortunate enough to receive medical treatment
within hours of combat, or how effective that later treatment would have
been.
Minutes of Meeting of the Informed Consent Waiver Review Group (ICWRG),
Food and Drug Administration, December 31, 1990.
In a letter dated July 27, 1992, FDA asked whether an IND should be
required to test the anthrax vaccine against aerosolized anthrax.
Department of Defense briefing with staff of the Senate Committee on
Veterans' Affairs, 414 Russell Senate Office Building, April 20, 1994.
A list of many of these studies is in Appendix A.
Barbarino, A., Corsello, S.M., Tofani, A., et al. "Sexual dimorphism
of pyridostigmine potentiation of growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone-
induced GH release in humans," Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and
Metabolism, Vol. 73, No. 1, 1991, pp. 75-78.
O'Keane V. & Dinan, T.G. "Sex steroid priming effects on growth
hormone response to pyridostigmine throughout the menstrual cycle,"
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vol. 75, No. 1, 1992,
pp. 11-14.
Ibid.
These instructions are consistent over time, and were included in many
different studies between 1985-90. Copies are in Committee files.
IND Amendment, 28 March 1988, IND 28,480.
IND Annual Report, 1987-1988, IND 23,509.
DAMD17-85-C-5133, Task Order 2, Kornhauser.
Israeli Journal of Medical Science, Vol. 27, 1991, pp. 659-663.
Keeler, J.R., Hurst, C.G., & Dunn, M.A. "Pyridostigmine used as a
nerve agent pretreatment under wartime conditions," Journal of the
American Medical Association, Vol. 266, No. 5, 1991, pp. 693-695.
Letter from the author of the published research, Dr. Thomas Tiedt, to
Sen. John D. Rockefeller IV, Chair, Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs,
June 8, 1994; in Committee files.
Abbreviated Protocol, signed by Roger W. Wiley and Darcelle Delrie, and
other documents regarding "The Effects of Pyridostigmine Bromide on
Vision"; attached to a cover letter from Martha H. Myers, Acting
Chief, Human Use Review and Regulatory Affairs Office, Department of the
Army, August 15, 1990. Documents are in Committee files.
There are several studies of the effects of a one-time dose of
pyridostigmine on growth hormone in women, but the conditions of these
studies, including fasting and use during one phase of the menstrual
cycle, were not relevant to use of pyridostigmine in the Gulf War.
to Protocol HURC #378," memorandum from William K. Prusaczyk,
research physiologist, October 23, 1989; in Committee files.
Sharabi, Y., Danon, Y., Berkenstadt, H., et al., "Survey of symptoms
following intake of pyridostigmine during the Persian Gulf War,"
Israeli Journal of Medical Science, Vol. 27, 1991, pp. 656-658.
Information amendment from the Department of the Army to FDA, IND
23509-pyridostigmine bromide-WR 270,710, May 27, 1992.
Keeler, J.R., et al., op. cit.
Ibid.
Barbarino, A., et al., op. cit.
All the men and women in the study were between 19-25 years old, were free
of other medications, and were fasting; the women were all in the luteal
phase of their menstrual cycle.
Although the DOD does plan to follow up on research on pyridostigmine and
DEET conducted by Dr. James Moss (previously with the Agricultural
Research Service, USDA) by conducting a study of rats, that research has
not yet been initiated. Dr. Moss' research is described in the next
section of this report.
M.A. & Stephenson, L.A. "Cardiovascular and thermoregulatory
responses to repeated anticholinesterase administration," Journal of
Thermal Biology, Vol. 17, No. 6, pp. 333-337.
Hearing, May 6, 1994; testimony of James Moss, Ph.D., researcher,
Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Gainesville, FL.
Additional information about his results are provided in Dr. Moss' answers
to Sen. Rockefeller's posthearing questions, included in the transcript of
the Committee's May 6, 1994, hearing, and in documents provided by Dr.
Moss which are in the Committee files.
"U.S. Chemical and Biological Warfare-related Dual Use Exports to
Iraq and Their Possible Impact of the Health Consequences of the Persian
Gulf War," a report of Sen. Donald W. Riegle, Jr., Chair, and Sen.
Alfonse M. D'Amato, ranking Republican member, U.S. Senate Committee on
Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, May 25, 1994.
List of pesticides procured during Desert Shield/Storm (acquired through
the Federal supply system), information submitted to the Senate Committee
on Veterans' Affairs, April 6, 1994, from the Department of the Army,
Office of the Surgeon General.
Hearing, May 6, 1994; document submitted for the record.
Correspondence between Secretary Espy and Senator
Rockefeller are in Committee files.
Hearing, May 6, 1994; document submitted for the record by Craig Crane.
Minutes of Meeting of the Informed Consent Waiver Review Group (ICWRG),
Food and Drug Administration, December 31, 1990.
BBIND 3723, Food and Drug Administration, memorandum from Lawrence A.
D'Hoostelaere on "General safety testing of botulinum toxoid,"
March 2, 1994.
Review by Ann Sutton, Vaccines and Allergenics, DBIND, Food and Drug
Administration, to the IND record, November 14, 1990.
Informational material for the use of pentavalent (ABCDE) botulinum toxoid
aluminum phosphate adsorbed, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,
Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia, Revised May 1982, protocol
#392.
Briefing, Maj. Gen. Ron Blanck, Commanding General, Walter Reed Army
Hospital, to Committee staff, 414 Russell Senate Office Building,
Washington, DC, February 4, 1994.
Hearing, May 6, 1994, testimony of the Rev. Dr. Barry Walker, Persian Gulf
War veteran.
Army Regulation 70-25, "Research and Development, Use of Volunteers
as Subjects of Research," Department of the Army, Washington, DC,
March 26, 1968.
Letter from Sara E. Lister, Assistant Secretary of the Army, to Sen. John
D. Rockefeller IV, Chair, Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs, June 15,
1994.
The two provisions described in this section are part of Public Law
103-446, the Veterans' Benefits Improvement Act of 1994.
Veterans at Risk, op. cit.
Veterans and Agent Orange, Health Effects of Herbicides Used in Vietnam,
Institute of Medicine, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1993.
News Release, Office of Public Affairs, Department of Veterans Affairs,
Washington, DC, June 13, 1994.
"Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing
Radiation," op. cit.
Hearing, May 6, 1994; prepared statement of Robert J. Temple, M.D.,
Director, Office of Drug Evaluation, Center for Drug Evaluation and
Research, Food and Drug Administration.
Public Law 102-585, 706, November 4, 1992, Agreement with National Academy
of Sciences for Review of Health Consequences of Service during the
Persian Gulf War.
"It is likely that a great majority of ground personnel [in the
Persian Gulf] received at least one dose and probably up to the full 21
tablets [of pyridostigmine] dispensed," National Institutes of Health
Technology Assessment Workshop, "The Persian Gulf Experience and
Health," final statement issued June 22, 1994, p. 10. The workshop
was held April 27-29, 1994.
News Release, Office of Public Affairs, Department of Veterans Affairs,
July 20, 1994.
B-257173, GAO letter to Senator John D. Rockefeller IV, Chair, Senate
Committee of Veterans' Affairs, on the location of veterans' service
medical records, May 4, 1994.
Hearing, May 6, 1994; testimony of Leonard A. Cole, Ph.D., professor,
Rutgers University.
Ibid.
San Francisco Chronicle, December 22, 1976, page 1.
Cole, L.A. Clouds of Secrecy, The Army's Germ Warfare Tests Over Populated
Areas, Rowman and Littlefield, 1988, pp. 75-104.
Hearing, May 6, 1994; testimony of Earl P. Davenport, veteran and former
employee, Dugway Proving Ground.
Memorandum of phone interview with Dr. Michael Vance, Good Samaritan
Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, March 21, 1994; in Committee files.
"UMA Seeks Health and Safety Controls at Dugway,"
Bulletin of the Utah Medical Society, May 1992, Vol. 40, No. 5, p. 1;
"UMA Joins Lawsuit Against Army," Bulletin of the Utah Medical
Society, June 1992, Vol. 40, No. 6, p. 1; in Committee files.
Hearing, May 6, 1994; testimony of Dr. Cole.
Ibid.
Phone interview, Patrick Casula, Office of Grants and Program Systems,
U.S. Department of Agriculture, October 12, 1994.
"Summary of Findings and Recommendations, Review of the Office of
Health and Environmental Research Program, Protection of Human Research
Subjects," Subcommittee of the Health and Environmental Research
Advisory Committee, U.S. Department of Energy, May 1994.
Annas, G.J. & Grodin, M.A. "The Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg
Code," Human Rights in Human Experimentation, Oxford University
Press, 1992, p. 209.
Ibid., pp. 212-214.
United States v. Stanley, 107 S. Ct. 3054 (1987), cited in "The Nazi
Doctors and the Nuremberg Code," Human Rights in Human
Experimentation, Annas, G.J. & Grodin, M.A., Oxford University Press,
1992, pp. 212-214.
Ibid.